Artificial Intelligence is exclusive by nature. 

Since the beginning of human history, we have always been very good at building products that meet the specific needs of certain people, thus excluding certain others. 

This search for the ultimate differentiation, this obsession with designing things that will respond to market demand and suit a very particular target audience, this know-how that we may have learned in school or on the job, shape the image we have of the world, and the way we see ourselves in it, how we behave in it, most of the time. 

Undoubtedly, this mindset is in tension with inclusiveness and diversity. 

The better we are at designing and offering products and services that will perfectly suit a specific audience that we are purposely targeting, the better we become at our ability to discriminate against other audiences that are not targeted, and therefore cast aside. 

Reflecting the mental, moral, and ethical values of those who built it, artificial intelligence is made in this same mold: it is not inclusive but exclusive by nature. And paradoxically it is already everywhere. 

The global artificial intelligence market was estimated at US$87 billion dollars in 2021 and it is expected to hit US$1597.1 billion dollars by 2030. Its continued and increased adoption propels it into the heart of many organizations around the world: 

• In more and more hardware and software components,
• In more and more industrial sectors such as automotive, health, retail, finance, banking, insurance, telecoms, manufacturing, agriculture, aviation, education, media, security, to name a few
• In more and more functions and professions, such as human resources, marketing, sales, advertising, legal, supply chain, and many more. 

We are only at the beginning. 

How do we ensure that the biases or segmentation patterns in the data that power artificial intelligence do not lead to operations that treat individuals unfavorably based on characteristics such as their gender, color, religion, disability, sexual or political orientation? This is one of the big questions raised by the development of artificial intelligence. 

Artificial Intelligence is not so… artificial. 

With the exponential and unbridled development of artificial intelligence, using AI to establish new modes of differentiation, unparalleled targeting approaches, for more economic growth, for more competitiveness will become increasingly tempting. 

There is a tension between, on the one hand, the need to have organizations and individuals capable of tolerance vis-à-vis diversity while understanding the issue of inclusivity in order to build more equality in society, and on the other hand the global economic system, which encourages and exacerbates more than it restrains behaviors leading us into these forms of competition where differentiating, therefore discriminating, leads to success. 

This tension is being amplified by what artificial intelligence is able to codify in a systematic and systemic way in our digital society: it is one of the greatest challenges of our time. 

AI is already penetrating every pore of society including but certainly not limited to: 

• Personal assistants are now virtual and allow to perform basic daily tasks
• Machines can now perform market analysis, delivering detailed competitive analysis and market research reports 
• Data related to usage behaviors, buying processes and customer preferences are scrutinized by CRMs that integrate more and more intelligence and are able to make accurate predictions about customer needs
• Customer service is also provided by Chatbots capable of answering the questions most frequently asked by visitors to a website 

And all this is only an appetizer alongside the developments of possible applications, already emerging, and at least part of a future that is fast approaching with: 

• Autonomous vehicles (bicycles, cars, trains, planes, boats, etc.), 
• Robotic-assisted surgery
• The creation of content (videos, music, articles, etc.) entirely produced by the work of the machine
• Public policies whose measures would be prescribed, and whose performance would be predicted by the analysis of large volumes of data
• and so much more

In view of the societal challenges it poses for the future of humanity, artificial intelligence is far from being as artificial as it might suggest. Either we plan to use artificial intelligence to increase our ability to eliminate visible and invisible inequalities to levels never achieved before, or we (un)consciously plan to increase them to the same scale. In the era of artificial intelligence we are entering, there will be fewer and fewer in-betweens. 

Artificial Intelligence opens a new era for human learning. 

We humans are responsible for what Machine Learning - essential to all AI - learns, how it learns what it does and does not learn. How we teach what the machine should learn is at the heart of 21st century AI ethics discussions. This implies that we must not only continue to learn how to develop our own intelligence, but also understand and document how machines themselves “learn.”

Machine and human learning face similar challenges: 

• Supervised vs unsupervised learning 
• Structured vs unstructured learning
• Few-shot Learning vs "Blink" learning (Malcolm Gladwell)
• Long/short term learning vs "forgetfulness vs retention" tradeoffs 
• Zero Shot learning vs "dream" learning
• Visuomotor Learning vs Multisensory Learning (AVK) 

By learning how machines can learn, we discover and will discover new ways of learning that until now had not been explored or even imagined. These could well revolutionize the standards we know about our own way of learning, to increase human intelligence. 

But make no mistake about it. Intelligence and knowledge are not synonymous, and increasing our knowledge is a necessary but insufficient condition for increasing our intelligence. Increasing our human intelligence is above all increasing our ability to question, to challenge the status quo, to arouse our curiosity and bring new questions in our minds, for the discovery and rediscovery of what we think we know, and of who we are. 

Artificial Intelligence is much less intelligent than we imagine.

Without going so far as to imagine an artificial intelligence capable of imitating human feeling, there is something that inevitably distinguishes artificial intelligence from that of humans: the application and apprehension of context. 

Context is made up of as many parameters, some ostensibly visible to the naked eye, and others more discreet, finer, more subtle, made up of weak signals and details, which are all parameters that count in characterizing a context. Given the nature of perpetual evolution specific to any context, it will take time before an artificial intelligence is able to appreciate the complexity of a situation-specific context. 

Artificial intelligence algorithms cannot do everything. Building the AI technology we need for the good of society requires vision. That which allows us to understand the tasks which are and will be best performed by machine intelligence as opposed to those which are and will be best performed by human intelligence will require careful research.  

The framework we use to establish what AI should and should not do will shape the future of all humanity, not only in terms of many innovations and new forms of competitive advantages which will change the laws of markets as we know them today, but much more importantly, on a global, sociological level. A legacy that will impact future generations to come. 

Most of the time, when we think of "machine learning", our mental model leads us to think that it is a strictly one-way approach in which we teach the machine and give it, in different fields, as much as possible means to learn on its own. 

Artificial Intelligence is causing a profound change in this link between humans and machines, which will become increasingly critical and exciting to explore because it is already more bidirectional than ever. 

So the question is posed to us: what can we learn from the intelligence of the machine, to improve us [in what we do] as human beings? 

We will have to rethink the role that machines play in our society and how they can potentially augment human behavior. We will also have to seize new opportunities to expand our own intelligence and expertise as it pertains to those disciplines that only humans can master. 

Artificial Intelligence interferes with decision making

If artificial intelligence, and the recommendations it produces, opens up unsuspected opportunities to increase not only our own intelligence, but also the nature of the relationships and emotional attachments we might develop with machines in the future, it also opens up delicate questions of Environmental and Social Responsibility. 

But first, ask ourselves, at what point will AI evolve past decision support into the ultimate decision maker? This complicated question is on our doorstep. 

The answer can take on as many nuances as there are people. This is why applications, devices, and any technological equipment powered with some form of Artificial Intelligence will have to be the subject of an explicit readability as to the limitation of the parameters that the algorithm takes, or does not take into account, as to the potential implications that could represent a danger to oneself or to others, to help promote responsible use of the said artificial intelligences of these machines, and to prevent the risks of inappropriate use, or even to be prohibited.

Artificial intelligence forces us to take up the great challenge of making it capable of being explicitly explainable to everyone and for everyone, on the causalities of the results it offers to guide decisions that will increasingly impact our lives and society as a whole, even if paradoxically, as humans, we do not know how to explain everything about the why of many of our decisions in the sense that the greatest number would understand them, and in the sense that these explanations would be correct and fair. 

Artificial Intelligence will profoundly change the value of work 

Some fear that Artificial Intelligence will come to replace humans. 

If the imaginary of a science-fiction artificial intelligence, supplanting humanity like the Terminator, is scientifically fictional, there is a paradigm that is necessary to include in what the digital society is hatching within it: AI can be better than humans at performing certain tasks, and yet is not and will not be better than humans at performing all tasks. 

With the developments in artificial intelligence, we are increasingly experiencing a transformation from a knowledge economy towards the trust economy, motivated on the one hand by the need for more predictability, more precision, and more efficiency, and on the other hand by the need for more fairness, more transparency, and more sustainability. 

For the future of "knowledge workers", digital technology, and in particular artificial intelligence, will bring about five types of change, which will, for each of them, disrupt society on a greater or lesser scale, with more or less impact, according to the predominant natures of work and its relative value in each continent of the planet: 

• Starting with what can be a primary source of anxiety largely fueled by the imagination of an artificial intelligence disseminated by pop culture, there are first of all the professions that will disappear. And this is nothing new. In other times, during other industrial revolutions, this phenomenon has already existed. 
• Then there are the jobs that will be augmented by artificial intelligence. Again, this is nothing new. By analogy, in other times, resulting from precedent industrial revolutions, this phenomenon has also already existed.
• Then there are those jobs that will evolve to become tech-jobs. 
• And those which are quite difficult to imagine now because their usefulness is intrinsic to the needs of our societies of which we still know little or nothing.
• But we must not be naive: the development of AI is already creating and will create an increase in the emergence of precarious jobs, crutch jobs to compensate for the lack of intelligence of the artificial intelligence. Those are for example shadow workers who label tons of data, in a frenzy of particularly repetitive tasks, to help artificial intelligence learn, and to ensure for example that certain despicable and unbearable content is prohibited from access via the platforms we use - because they break the law - with the impact that the viewing of such content can have in the long run on the mental health of these "workers".

Which of these five types of changes brought by artificial intelligence will have the greatest impact on the evolution of work in our societies? Hard to predict. However, even if this is not the only moving force in the kinetics of the transformations that characterize our century, it will obviously be up to us to decide. 

Artificial intelligence has no other ethics than ours. 

Machines have no ethics: it is simply a question of ours, and ours only. 

Our ethical principles are ultimately, for artificial intelligence, an integral part of the functional requirements which consequently digitally codify the biases of which we are intellectual owners. Artificial Intelligence somehow inherits the ethical genes of its creator. Making the invisible codes of our societies visible is probably one of the most transformative advances that artificial intelligence will allow humanity to achieve. 

Such a level of transparency on the unsaid and the unwritten, thus brought to light, will help to achieve greater equality, and will profoundly redefine the citizen demand for justice in our societies. 

It is also an opportunity to make any machine intelligence that will interact with ours, and that will coexist with us, become, as much as possible, the product of collective intelligence, or the receptacle of the wealth that synergies can produce, resulting from human diversity, in all its forms of intelligence. 

The increase of our intelligence by that of the machine will always and even more in the future be confronted with the existential question of the human cause that we decide to give to this intelligence the mission to serve.

It is therefore that we must make "artificial intelligence" an intelligence inspired by the quintessence of what is best in our humanity, excluding all the dark parts of human nature. This is probably the most dizzying question but also the most decisive for the future of humanity. 

It is an ethical question to which only our humanity has the power and the responsibility to provide an answer, constantly renewed, to build the future in which we wish to live

About the author:
Hamilton Mann is the Group VP of Digital Transformation and Digital Marketing of Thales, a global leader in advanced technologies, investing in digital and "deep tech" innovations—connectivity, big data, artificial intelligence, cybersecurity and quantum technologies. The Group provides its customers—businesses, organizations and governments—in the defense, aeronautics, space, and digital identity and security fields with solutions, services, and products that help them fulfil their critical role, with human beings at the heart of every decision.

Hamilton is also the President of the Digital Transformation Club of INSEAD Alumni Association France, mentor at the MIT Priscilla King Gray Center, contributor at Harvard Business Review France, and Host of The Hamilton Mann Conversation, a Masterclass Podcast about Digital for Good. Hamilton was voted among the Top 10 Global Thought Leaders and Influencers on Digital Disruption by Thinkers 360 in 2021 and 2022. Hamilton is a graduate of MIT Sloan School of Management, INSEAD and EDHEC Business School.

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